Grams. Belinskii, An effective. We. Herzen, and you may Letter. G. Chernyshevskii reached an excellent materialist dialectic. Weighed against Hegel, it derived leading edge findings from the info out of eternal action and you can development: in their mind dialectic is the new “algebra out of revolution” (get a hold of A beneficial. I. Herzen, Sobr. soch. vol. nine, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois philosophy just after Hegel turned off the achievement regarding area of dialectic that were reached in philosophy. Hegels dialectic try refused by a number of philosophers since the “sophistry,” a keen “error in the reason,” and also a good “unhealthy perversion off mind” (Roentgen. Haym, Good. Trendelenburg, and you may E. von Hartmann). Regarding Neo-Kantianism of one’s Marburg College or university (H. Cohen, P. ” Neo-Hegelianism visited the fresh therefore-titled negative dialectic, asserting the contradictions found into the rules attest towards the nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of the things. The newest unity away from opposites are changed because of the good unity from coexisting, second points for the sake of attaining an integration of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic also emerged just like the a mixing regarding opposites, with sheer intuition (B. Croce, R. Kroner, and that i. An excellent. Ilin). H. Bergson advanced a consult to the irrational and you will purely instinctive merging away from opposites, a combo getting treated because good “magic.” In existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the fresh new dialectic was understood relativistically, because the an approximately chance structure out of understanding. Character is considered as the brand new sphere regarding “positivist cause,” whereas society is famous by means of “dialectical cause,” and therefore derives its values of peoples awareness and the individual important knowledge off human beings. Almost every other existentialists (G. Marcel, Meters. Buber) eradicate dialectic theologically, because a network off inquiries and you can responses ranging swoop free app from consciousness and being. Records of an awful dialectic created because a complete assertion regarding truth and never resulting in a special synthesis have been designed because of the T. Adorno and you will H. Marcuse.
A constantly materialist translation out of dialectic is provided with K. Marx and you may F. Engels, the fresh new creators of your philosophy of dialectical materialism. Immediately following critically exceeding the latest triumph from before dialectic, Marx and you can Engels applied their doctrine to your reworking away from values, governmental benefit, and records and the foundation regarding a policy and you will methods with the specialists movement. V. I. Lenin generated an excellent contribution with the development of materialist dialectic. Brand new classics out of Marxism-Leninism admiration materialist dialectic because the doctrine off universal interconnections and you will many general rules off growth of getting and envision.
Natorp) the latest dialectic off “conceptual facts” was changed of the “reason of analytical concept of function,” and that led to an effective negation of your own thought of compound and you will so you can “real idealism
Into the characterizing dialectic, Engels published: “Chief laws and regulations: transformation from wide variety and you may quality-common entrance out of polar opposites and you may transformation with the one another when sent to extremes; invention due to paradox, otherwise negation from negation; [and] brand new spiral kind of invention” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p. 1). What the law states of your unity and conflict from opposites occupies a beneficial unique put certainly one of all of the regulations of the dialectic; Lenin titled it this new central key of one’s dialectic.
Materialist dialectic are shown inside the a network off categories and you can statutes
The principle of the common interconnection out-of phenomena is actually appointed of the Lenin among the concepts of one’s dialectic. And that another methodological conclusion: in order to really understand an object, you have to grab they and read it off all the edges, along with their interconnections and you will mediacies. In the characterizing dialectic given that reduction you to definitely repeats, as it was in fact, degrees which have become introduced courtesy however, repeats her or him during the another type of means, to your a higher base (the new negation of negation); a development, so to speak, one to proceeds for the spirals, perhaps not in a straight-line; a development because of the leaps, calamities, and you may revolutions; break-in continuity; the sales of amounts into the quality; interior signals for the creativity, imparted by the contradiction and you may dispute of the numerous pushes and tendencies acting up on confirmed muscles, or within a given area; the fresh new interdependence additionally the nearest and you will indissoluble connection of the many issue of every event … an association that provides a great consistent and you can universal means of activity, one that pursue special statutes; a number of the features of dialectics, as the a drop that’s wealthier compared to antique you to” (Poln. sobr. soch., fifth ed., vol. twenty-six, p. 55).